BOTANY WITH THE BASICS OF HYDROBOTANY (AQUATIC PLANTS OF UKRAINE) - B.Ye. Yakubenko - 2011

I. CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION AND GROWTH OF AQUATIC PLANTS

Types of ecoclines on unconsolidated substrates and their characteristics

The sapropelic type is caused by the flooding of a Water body, a rise in the groundwater table, and the accumulation of hydatophytes or allochthonous deposition of organic material. It is typical for the habitats of reed beds in Dutch lakes. They differ in the size of roots that penetrate deep into the sapropel or sideways (via stolons and shoots).

The quaking bog (splayina) type arises As a result of the accumulation of skeletal debris from plant material, forming a homogeneous dispersed phase in the leeward zone of water bodies, usually accompanied by reed beds. It can often be observed in ponds, lakes, etc. It occurs in water bodies together with the lotic type and is characterized by the highest species phytodiversity due to the presence of hydatophytes and tenagophytes. The quaking bog type has a stronger supporting Skeleton formed by helophytic species such as narrowleaf cattail (Typha angustifolia), broadleaf cattail (T. latifolia), common reed (Phragmites australis), and lake bulrush (Scirpus lacustris).

The lotic (stream) type is distinguished by the colonization of the water surface by single specimens of species belonging to the alliance Glycerio-Sparganion, followed by their complete dominance. Rheophilic species are characteristic of areas with turbulent water movement. Subsequently, due to the inflow of water currents, the number of individuals of the alliance Cicution increases. A typical feature of this type is that the exchange of plant material is facilitated by boat traffic and water flowing between lakes. Ecoclines of this type are dominated by biomorphs with horizontal shoots (marsh forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris), water parsnip (Siella erecta), etc.) or with large horizontal underground rhizomes (bog arum (Calla palustris), bog bean (Menyanthes trifoliata), etc.). This type is characterized by the adaptation of species with vertical shoots that lay down, taking a horizontal position, and then transition to a weakly ascending position (water mint (Mentha aquatica), brooklime (Veronica beccabunga), marsh speedwell (Veronica anagallis-aquatica), etc.). Horizontal and lateral shoots are of great importance for the vital activity of these species, while The ROOT System is located in the upper layers of the soil.

The insular type is formed as a result of the detachment of entire patches of reed beds, which move for a short time and then anchor on the leeward side or within dense stands of hydatophytes and common reed. It is characteristic of all water bodies. There are certain differences between the vegetation of insular-type ecoclines in large water bodies (lakes) and small water bodies, where beds of helophytic communities break off or float up after a water level rise; such ecoclines are formed by species such as narrowleaf cattail (Typha angustifolia), lake bulrush (Scirpus lacustris), common reed (Phragmites australis), and other species within the Scirpo-Phragmitetum associations. In small water bodies, predominantly ponds, the coenobionts are broadleaf cattail (Typha latifolia), reed sweet-grass (Glyceria aquatica), sweet flag (Acorus calamus), and other species of the Glycerietum aquaticae associations.

The spring type arises as a result of turbulent bottom-up water movement, which prevents The formation of a dense substrate. This type is associated with the littoral zone and forms disjunct ecoclines within continuous stands of the Phragmition or Magnocaricion alliance communities, exhibiting an insular character.

The ditch type develops as plants encroach inward from the banks across the water surface of a channel. Due to this process, a plant-based substrate is formed directly on the water's surface. The formation of aquatic macrophyte communities on unconsolidated substrates ultimately creates the Prerequisites for the Siltation and Overgrowth of water bodies.