BOTANY WITH BASICS OF HYDROBOTANY (AQUATIC PLANTS OF UKRAINE) - B.Ye. Yakubenko - 2011

X. SEED PLANTS

Order Theales

Trees, shrubs, and herbs, occasionally arborescent lianas, with alternate, less frequently opposite or whorled phyllotaxis. Leaves mostly simple, entire, pinnately reticulate-veined, with or without stipules. Flowers medium-sized to large, usually bisexual, mostly actinomorphic, with a double perianth, solitary or arranged in various types of inflorescences. Perianth mostly cyclic, less frequently spiral or spirocyclic, predominantly pentamerous. Calyx often subtended by two or several bracteoles that sometimes gradually transition into sepals. Sepals and petals mostly free, imbricate, or less commonly contorted. Stamens typically numerous, free or variously connate by their filaments. Gneiceum more or less coenocarpous, paracarpous, or falsely (secondarily) syncarpous, formed by two to many carpels. Ovary superior, rarely semi-inferior or inferior, typically with numerous ovules. Fruits of various types. The presence of intercellular secretory canals is characteristic.

This is a large, predominantly tropical and subtropical order comprising 13 families, 98 genera, and about 2,070 species; in Ukraine, it is represented by 3 families and 17 species.



Last update: 07/08/2026

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