BOTANY WITH THE FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROBOTANY (AQUATIC PLANTS OF UKRAINE) - B.Ye. Yakubenko - 2011

VIII. FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY

Morphology and Anatomy of the Leaf

Leaf Formations

Plant leaves are exceptionally diverse, and even on a single individual, they are heterogeneous. Based on their position and development, three leaf formations are distinguished: lower, middle, and upper.

Lower leaves are represented by the first embryonic leaves—cotyledons—as well as scale-like, undeveloped leaves at the Base of the stems.

Middle leaves occupy the main, foliage-covered middle section of the stem. These are typical leaves where Photosynthesis takes place.

Upper leaves are located on the upper part of the stem. These are small leaves of flowers and inflorescences, such as bracts, bracteoles, and involucre bracts of capitula.



Last update: 07/08/2026

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