BIOTECHNOLOGY - V. H. Herasymenko - 2006

Part II. Special Biotechnologies

Chapter 21. BIOTECHNOLOGY OF PROTEIN PRODUCTION

The protein deficit is one of the most pressing issues requiring an urgent solution. It is vital for both humans and animals: while plants are capable of synthesizing Amino Acids from inorganic nitrogen-containing compounds, humans and animals must obtain preformed Proteins through their diet and feed.

While a shortage of dietary energy in humans and animals can be compensated for to some extent by reducing physical activity, neither humans nor animals possess biological mechanisms to reduce their protein requirements. Protein deficiency diminishes human working capacity and resistance to disease, whereas a lack of protein in animal feed prevents the Selection/27.html">Realization of Genetic productivity potential and compromises health status and reproductive performance. This issue is further aggravated by the fact that animal protein requirements increase with higher productivity levels, various diseases, and stress conditions.

By the mid-20th century, it became evident that meeting the growing demand for protein in humans and livestock through traditional means was unrealistic. For instance, in 1982, livestock protein requirements were met by only 70–75%. Feed protein deficits result in a 30–35% decrease in animal productivity, higher costs of livestock products, and an approximately 1.5-fold increase in feed consumption per unit of output.

However, the problem goes beyond simply supplying a specific amount of protein in the diet; it is essential that the protein contains an adequate amount of Essential Amino Acids in the proper ratios.

Traditionally, cereal grains have served as the primary source of protein in animal diets; however, they are low in protein, and the protein is of poor quality due to an insufficient content of essential amino acids. High-quality protein sources include animal-derived feeds, such as meat meal, meat-and-bone meal, fish meal, milk, and dairy Processing by-products. Nevertheless, these feeds are scarce and expensive.

The most widespread method worldwide for balancing diets for protein is The addition of soybean meal, the Biological value of which approaches that of animal-derived feeds. However, soybean cultivation is labor-intensive, yields remain relatively low, and consequently, its cost is high. The USA is the leading supplier of soybeans to the global market, accounting for two-thirds of worldwide production. Intensive animal husbandry in America, Western Europe, and Japan relies heavily on American soybean meal.