Military Hygiene and Hygiene in Emergencies - K.O. Pashka 2005

Fundamentals of organizing sanitary and hygienic measures in ground forces during peacetime emergencies and wartime. Hygiene of field quartering of troops and the population.
Specifics of sanitary and hygienic control over the disposal of waste and refuse from a ship

Sanitary and hygienic control over the removal of sewage and refuse from a ship involves monitoring the sanitary condition of the equipment of the drainage and sewage systems, including washbasins, heads, urinals, and waste and garbage collection and disposal equipment.

The Location OF THE heads must be convenient for round-the-clock use. The doors to the heads must be watertight and fitted with coamings. The number of fixtures in the heads is calculated at a rate of one bowl per 25 persons and one urinal per 40 persons.

Handrails-armrests must be installed on the side partitions of the heads to provide a grip during rolling.

It is prohibited to route sewage pipes through residential, medical, and food storage spaces, as well as through freshwater tanks.

External pipes of sewage systems located above the waterline must extend slightly outboard so that wastewater does not stain the ship's side. They should also be fitted with special nozzles featuring Lips and non-return Valves that close the pipe openings upon wave impact. When sewage pipe openings are located below the waterline, an elbow with a flange is installed at the exit point to connect the sewage pipe to a sea valve (cinkiet).

Typically, heads, urinals, and holding tanks for fecal matter and liquid waste are flushed with seawater.

HEAD compartments must be equipped with supplies for wet cleaning using disinfecting solutions. Brushes, mops, and buckets used for cleaning the heads must be stored separately from other cleaning gear. They must be clearly marked (labeled) and regularly disinfected.

Toilet seats must be washed with soap and soda, and additionally disinfected if soiled with waste. Entrance door handles, flush levers and chains of flushing cisterns, and armrest handrails must be wiped with disinfecting solutions at least once a day, and multiple times a day in the event of gastrointestinal outbreaks.

It is forbidden to place trays or boxes filled with sawdust or bleaching powder beneath urinals to catch urine. Proper drainage must be ensured and they must be flushed periodically.

In the event of mass gastrointestinal illness on board, one of the heads designated for enlisted personnel or petty officers shall be allocated exclusively for the sick.

To ensure the uninterrupted operation of the drainage system, the following technical requirements must be met:

- pipes must be laid with a slope for the unobstructed flow of liquid;

- wastewater discharge pipes, overboard discharge openings, and scupper pipes must be equipped with automatic valves;

- to prevent freezing of outboard pipes, local steam heating must be provided near their outer discharge points;

- independent main lines must be provided for discharging Water overboard from baths, shower rooms, medical spaces, and galleys;

- siphon traps with a hydraulic seal must be installed on wastewater pipes beneath washbasins, while sink traps beneath pantry and galley sinks must feature clean-out plugs for removing food residues; a special branch pipe for connecting a hose should be installed below the trap to flush the piping;

- main wastewater discharge pipes must be provided with tightly plug-sealed clean-out openings and branch pipes for connecting a flushing hose;

- sewage holding tanks must be located separately from potable water and washing water tanks; there must be at least two such tanks (if only one tank is available, it must be divided by a partition into two compartments in case one of them requires repair, cleaning, or flushing); discharge pipes from wastewater holding tanks must not be located near the intake pipe openings for seawater, which is also used for flushing the tanks;

- standard wastewater pipes must not be connected to soil (sewage) pipes.

When exercising sanitary supervision over the drainage System and Its equipment, attention should be paid to keeping scuppers and outboard discharge pipe openings clean, maintaining adequate flow capacity, and ensuring regular cleaning and disinfection by flushing with a disinfecting solution.

Solid refuse and garbage on a ship are collected in specially designated galvanized iron containers with tightly fitted lids. As they fill up, the contents are removed via special garbage chutes. The receiving (upper) opening of such a chute must be located above the upper deck level (above the bulwark), while the lower opening must open above the waterline and can be flexible to allow for garbage disposal into a barge or rafts positioned alongside the ship's hull.

Garbage chutes must be periodically flushed with water from a hose.

In the open sea, garbage and refuse from the ship are dumped directly overboard, whereas while anchored in roadsteads, they are discharged into a garbage collection barge or rafts positioned alongside the ship. Garbage from the rafts is transferred daily to the garbage collection barge.

When the ship is in harbor, all garbage from it must be disposed of into containers placed on the shore; metal galvanized bins with lids are well-suited for this purpose. In winter, dumping garbage onto ice is strictly prohibited.

The discharge of sewage, wastewater, and the removal of garbage directly into the sea must cease 30 minutes before swimming activities begin.