BOTANY WITH BASICS OF HYDROBOTANY (AQUATIC PLANTS OF UKRAINE) - B.Ye. Yakubenko - 2011

X. SEED PLANTS

Order Spurge-worts (Euphorbiales)

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, often containing white or colored latex. Leaves are simple, rarely compound, with pinnate or palmate venation, predominantly with stipules. Phyllotaxy is mostly alternate, rarely opposite or whorled. Inflorescences are of various types. Flowers are pistillate and staminate, actinomorphic, with a double perianth or frequently apetalous, often entirely without a perianth. The perianth is pentamerous, rarely trimerous or tetramerous. Sepals and petals are free. Stamens number five, may be numerous, or conversely, solitary. They are free or connate, sometimes with filaments adnate to the corolla. Pistillate flowers bear staminodes (free at the base or connate) or lack them. The gynoecium is syncarpous, composed of three, rarely two or four, and sometimes many carpels. The Ovary is superior, trilocular, rarely bilocular, quadrilocular, or multilocular, with one to two pendulous ovules in each locule. Fruits are of various types, but predominantly capsules.

The order encompasses four families and five subfamilies, 308 genera, and approximately 770 species. In the flora of Ukraine, this order is represented by only a single family—Euphorbiaceae.



Last update: 07/08/2026

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