BOTANY WITH BASICS OF HYDROBOTANY (AQUATIC PLANTS OF UKRAINE) - B.Ye. Yakubenko - 2011

IX. HIGHER SPORE PLANTS

Class Liverworts (Hepaticopsida, Marchantiopsida)

This Class comprises mosses whose gametophytes are represented by thalloid (Marchantiales) and leafy (Jungermanniales) forms. Sporogonia consist of a FOOT, a seta, and a capsule. The capsule produces spores and specialized spirally thickened Cells known as elaters. The capsule splits open along longitudinal slits into several Valves, releasing the spores with the aid of elaters, which then germinate into a plate-like or spherical protonema.

The class liverworts is divided into two subclasses: Marchantiidae and Jungermanniidae. Aquatic mosses are represented by liverworts belonging to the order Marchantiales and the family Ricciaceae.



Last update: 07/08/2026

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