BOTANY WITH BASICS OF HYDROBOTANY (AQUATIC PLANTS OF UKRAINE) - B.Ye. Yakubenko - 2011

VIII. BASICS OF PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY

Features of reproduction in angiosperms

Double fertilization

It plays a crucial role in the EVOLUTION OF FLOWERING plants. While the endosperm in gymnosperms is a haploid female gametophyte formed prior to Fertilization, the endosperm in angiosperms is the product of a sexual process involving both male and female gametophytes. This likely exerts a stimulating effect on the embryo, provides it with more comprehensive Nutrition, promotes better expression of paternal traits alongside maternal ones, and accelerates seed development.

Due to double fertilization, future offspring acquire greater viability as harmful genes shift into a recessive state, while the Structural and functional Variability of the heterozygous generation is enhanced, which drives Evolutionary Processes and leads to range expansion.



Last update: 07/08/2026

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