Human Anatomy in Diagrams - Anosov I. P., Khomatov V. H. 2002
Diagrams
Note. Asterisks indicate structures specific only to CI(*) and CII(**).
Note. The asterisk indicates structures specific only to thoracic vertebrae.
*Superior and inferior
**Right and left
Note. Asterisks indicate structures specific only to the I(*) and II(**) ribs
By shape
Fusiform, quadrate, triangular, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, circular, etc.
By the number of heads
Uniceps, biceps, triceps, quadriceps
By fiber direction
Straight, circular
By function
Flexor, extensor, pronator, supinator, opponens, sphincter, adductor, dilator, abductor, obturator, rotator
By location
Superficial, deep, lateral, medial, etc.
Note. O – Origin; I – Insertion; F – Function
* Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles
F - increases the capacity of the thoracic cavity; promotes lung expansion, provides a "massage" of the liver
2 Internal Organs
* Consists of the falciform, right and left triangular, and hepatorenal ligaments
** Form the lesser omentum
* See the diagram "Liver (Internal Structure)", p. 95
* Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
* a (A) - (glucagon cell); ß(B) - (insulin cell); δ(D); F (PP) (Also secrete vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin)
* Covers the organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavities: extraperitoneally on one side; mesoperitoneally on three; intraperitoneally on all
* With paranasal sinuses
* Communicates with the sphenoid sinus and posterior ethmoidal cells
** Communicates with the frontal and maxillary sinuses, as well as the anterior and middle ethmoidal cells
*** Located between the inferior nasal concha and the palate; communicates with the lacrimal sac via the nasolacrimal duct
* Tense the vocal cords
** Widens the rima glottidis
*** Narrows the rima glottidis
**** Encloses the vocal fold and muscle
* The left lung has two lobes: superior (SI — CV) and inferior (CVI — CX)
** Structural and functional unit of the lung
* Begins at the urinary bladder with the internal urethral orifice and opens into the vestibule of the vagina via the external urethral orifice. Length is 3 — 4 cm
* Has two curvatures, three constrictions, and three dilations
** The ejaculatory ducts and, laterally, the ducts (15 — 20) of the prostate gland open here
* Contains a mature oocyte, which is released into the peritoneal cavity during ovulation
* Located within the broad ligament of the uterus. Length 8—8 cm, lumen diameter 2—4 mm
* Form the head of the epididymis, empty into the duct of the epididymis (which forms the body and tail of the epididymis), and continue as the ductus deferens
** Simultaneously serve as the coverings of the spermatic cord
* By uniting with the excretory duct of the vesicular gland (seminal vesicle), it forms the ejaculatory duct, which opens into the prostatic part of the male urethra
* Produces a secretion that forms part of the seminal fluid, nourishes and stimulates spermatozoa
** Produces a viscous secretion that prevents the irritating effect of urine on the urethral wall
* The male urethra passes through the corpus spongiosum of the penis
3. Endocrine Glands
* Oxytocin and vasopressin are produced in the hypothalamus; the neurohypophysis stores and releases them
* Hormonally inactive
* Aldosterone precursor
** Precursor to noradrenaline, the latter being adrenaline
* Epiphysis (archaic). Regulates puberty, influences the function of the pituitary gland and adrenal glands; acts as a biological clock
** Islets of Langerhans
* Cluster of chromaffin cells. Its function is analogous to that of the adrenal medulla (produces catecholamines: adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine)
4. Cardiovascular system
* Communicates with the right ventricle through the right atrioventricular opening with the corresponding tricuspid valve
** Communicates with the left ventricle through the left atrioventricular opening with the corresponding mitral valve
* Absent in muscular-type arteries
** Absent in elastic-type arteries
* Poorly developed in veins with a weak development of muscular elements
** In veins with moderate and strong development of muscular elements
*** In veins with strong development of muscular elements - in all three tunics
* Renal glomerular capillaries, capillaries of the small intestine villi, etc.
** Capillaries of muscles, myocardium, skin, and cerebral cortex
*** Capillaries of the liver and hematopoietic organs
**** Capillaries of the cavernous bodies of the penis
Note. The numbers indicate the vessel diameter in micrometers
* See Common carotid artery (left)
** See Subclavian artery (left)
* Paired
** Unpaired
* Receives blood from the walls and organs of the lesser pelvis, as well as from the external genitalia
** Paired, formed by the union of the deep veins of the dorsal foot
*** Paired, formed by the plantar veins
* Also receives blood from the right and left gastric veins, cystic vein, prepyloric vein, paraumbilical veins, etc.
* Junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins
** Site of confluence of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins
* Muscular and fibrous type
** Blend into collagen fibers surrounding the capillaries
*** Contain B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages
* Organs of the immune system
** In the mucous membrane of internal organs
*** Peyer's patches in the mucous membrane of the small intestine
* Central organ of the immune system
** Contains lymphoblasts, thymocytes (thymic lymphocytes), macrophages, leukocytes
*** Hassall's corpuscle
* Serves as a hemopoietic and immune organ
** Contains leukocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, macrophages, cytoblasts
*** Malpighian corpuscles. Contain lymphocytes, macrophages, cytoblasts
5. Nervous system
* Contains motor and interneurons; anterior roots of spinal nerves emerge here
** Contains sensory neurons; posterior roots of spinal nerves enter here
*** Located in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord; contains sympathetic neurons
**** On a cross-section of the spinal cord
* Together with the pons, it forms the rhomboid fossa of the fourth ventricle, in the posterior part of which are the nuclei of the IX - XII pairs of cranial nerves: glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII)
* Together with the medulla oblongata, it forms the rhomboid fossa of the fourth ventricle. The pontine region contains the nuclei of the V - VIII pairs of cranial nerves: trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII), and vestibulocochlear (VIII)
* Anterior, posterior, flocculonodular
** Paired
*** Purkinje neurons
* Paired
** In particular, the nuclei of the III - V pairs of cranial nerves: oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), trigeminal (V), as well as the nuclei of the reticular formation
*** One of the subcortical auditory centers
**** One of the subcortical visual centers
* Anterior, dorsal, medial, median, ventral, reticular, etc.
** Lateral and medial
* * * Paired, subcortical center of the olfactory analyzer
**** Including higher centers of the autonomic nervous system
* Continued on p. 163
** As well as other intralobar sulci, in particular the calcarine sulcus on the medial surface of the occipital lobe
* Continued from p. 162
** Paired, has 3 horns: frontal (anterior), occipital (posterior), temporal (inferior), as well as a central part
* Connect cortical areas within the same cerebral hemisphere
** Connect cortical areas of both hemispheres
*** Connect the spinal cord to the brain, and the brainstem to the telencephalon
**** Spinothalamic tracts: anterior and lateral
***** Impulses of deep sensitivity from muscle, joint, and tendon receptors, as well as partial tactile sensitivity from the skin
* The most important neural pathways are shown
** Gowers' and Flechsig's tracts, respectively
*** Fasciculus gracilis
**** Fasciculus cuneatus
* Conduct touch (tactile), pain, and temperature sensitivity (superficial sensation)
* Belong to the peripheral part of the nervous system (peripheral nervous system)
** According to the Terminologia Anatomica (São Paulo, 1997), the terminal nerve (0) is also distinguished
*** Mandibular nerve (V)
**** Ophthalmic and maxillary nerves (V)
* Anterior (ventral) rami
** Innervates the infrahyoid muscles
*** Innervate the muscles of the pectoral girdle
**** Innervate the muscles and skin of the free upper limb
* Anterior (ventral) branches
** Mixed nerve. Unmarked nerves are motor
Innervate:
* ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae muscle;
* lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal and oral mucosa;
*** submandibular and sublingual glands;
**** parotid gland;
***** pelvic organs
6. Sensory Organs
* See p. 177
** See p. 180
*** See p. 181
**** See p. 182
* See p. 178
** Origin of the optic nerve
*** Area of highest visual acuity
* Photosensitive (photosensory)
** Formed by rod and cone (neurosensory) epithelial cells (photoreceptors)
*** Formed by horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine neurons
**** Synaptic layer of bipolar and multipolar neurons
***** Formed by multipolar neurons whose axons comprise the next layer—the nerve fiber layer—which marks the beginning of the optic nerve
* Calcarine sulcus
** Innervates the extraocular muscles of the eyeball
*** Parasympathetic (Edinger-Westphal nucleus)—preganglionic fibers emerge toward the ciliary ganglion, while postganglionic fibers innervate the ciliary muscle of the ciliary body in the vascular tunic of the eyeball and the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris
**** The dilator pupillae muscle is innervated by sympathetic fibers
* Anterior, posterior, and lateral ampullae with corresponding membranous ampullae, inside which are ampullary crests covered with sensory neuroepithelium
** Contains the spiral ganglion of the cochlea
* Receptors of the auditory analyzer
** Metathalamus (diencephalon)
*** Tectum of the midbrain
**** Cortical center of the auditory analyzer
***** Extrapyramidal tract to the motor neurons of the anterior horns (columns) of the spinal cord (auditory stimulation can reflexively trigger a motor response)
* Receptors of the olfactory analyzer located in the mucous membrane of the superior nasal meatus and the posterosuperior part of the nasal septum
** Major part of the telencephalon
*** Cortical center of the olfactory analyzer
* Located in taste buds, primarily embedded in the papillae of the tongue
** Located in the medulla oblongata
*** Cortical center of the gustatory analyzer (limbic lobe - lobus limbicus)
* The pigment melanin is produced, which determines skin color
* Conduct touch (tactile), pain, and temperature sensitivity
** Formed by the cuneate and gracile fasciculi, which conduct deep sensitivity from muscles, joints, and tendons
*** Diencephalon
**** Cortical center of cutaneous sensitivity