Biochemical Foundations of Human Vital Activity - Volkov, N.I., Nesen, E.N. 2000

Biochemistry of Sports
Regularities of Biochemical Adaptation in the Process of Athletic Training
Interaction of Training Effects in the Course of Training

Adaptive Changes in the body that characterize the cumulative training effect achieved through workouts of varying orientations can be enhanced or diminished by workloads of a different nature if they are combined with preceding types of exercise. In sports training theory, this phenomenon is referred to as the interaction of training effects.

The interaction of training effects from various workloads can be positive, negative, or neutral. Such interactions may occur within a single training session when the aftereffects of Different types of applied exercises combine. Within an individual training day or microcycle, interactions take place between the immediate and delayed effects of workloads of different orientations applied across separate training sessions. The cumulative training effect observed As a result of training over a specific period also consists of the immediate and delayed effects of numerous sessions and, in turn, largely depends on The Nature of workload interaction.

During training, the most pronounced adaptive changes in the leading function are achieved in the event of a positive interaction of workloads. Negative workload interactions, resulting from improper training design, significantly reduce the overall adaptive effect and can contribute to The Development of overtraining.

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Fig. 203. Positive and negative interactions of glycolytic anaerobic, alactic anaerobic, and aerobic workloads during interval running training:

1 — workload of 5 x 30 m with 2 min of rest; 2 — workload of 3 x 300 m with 1 min of rest; 3 — workload of 10 x 200 m with 1 min of rest

An example of positive and negative interactions between workloads of different orientations is provided by data on changes in oxygen debt values during interval running training, where exercises of glycolytic anaerobic impact were combined with alactic anaerobic and aerobic workloads (Fig. 203).

As an anaerobic glycolytic workload, the athletes performed three series of interval runs of 3 x 300 m with 1 min of rest. In one of the sessions, this work was preceded by running three series of short segments of 5 x 30 m with 2 min of rest (alactic anaerobic workload), while in another session it was preceded by interval runs of 10 x 200 m with 1 min of rest (aerobic workload).

Performing three series of 3 x 300 m interval runs with one-minute rest intervals was accompanied by the accumulation of a significant Oxygen debt and high concentrations of Blood lactic acid (glycolytic anaerobic workload). Combining this type of work in a single training session with alactic anaerobic workloads (interval sprints of 5 x 30 m x 3 series) led to an intensification of anaerobic glycolytic shifts in the body. At the same time, performing aerobic workloads (10 x 200 m interval running) prior to the main work reduced the anaerobic glycolytic changes during the serial 3 x 300 m interval runs. In the latter case, this indicates a decrease in the magnitude of the immediate training effect of the workload regarding the Development of the anaerobic glycolytic component of special endurance.

According to research data (Volkov N.I., 1986), a positive interaction of immediate training effects within a single training session can be achieved with a limited number of combinations of workloads of different orientations (Table 38). In all cases where achieving a positive interaction of training effects from different workloads when applied together within a given session is impossible, sessions should be structured on THE PRINCIPLE OF unidirectional impact; that is, the main part of the session should utilize workloads of the same training orientation.

TABLE 38. Permissible combinations of workloads of different orientations within a single training session

Within individual training microcycles, the delayed training effects (DTE) of each preceding session interact with the immediate training effects (ITE) of subsequent sessions. Such interactions between DTE and ITE are of decisive importance for optimizing the Structuring of microcycles, determining the rational sequence of sessions of different orientations, including additional rest days, etc.

Taking into account the heterochronicity of the recovery of various Functions, the alternation of sessions within a training microcycle should be carried out in such a way that workloads of a specific training orientation are scheduled at time intervals sufficient for the supercompensation phase of the leading function to occur, while workloads of a different training orientation applied during this period do not exert a negative influence on the recovery of the dominant function. For example, following a high-volume aerobic training session, the restoration of the body's energy resources may stretch over two to three days. During this period, it is entirely appropriate to apply low-volume anaerobic workloads, which do not negatively affect the recovery of aerobic energy potential indicators while simultaneously stimulating the development of anaerobic qualities. At the same time, The Effect of speed-strength training sessions (development of alactic anaerobic power) noticeably deteriorates if these sessions are conducted against the Background of incomplete recovery from preceding workloads. A negative interaction between DTE and ITE is also observed if a glycolytic anaerobic session is preceded by a high-volume aerobic workout. Typically, after three consecutive days of training with any combination of sessions of different orientations, a deterioration in DTE is detected and negative workload interactions arise. In practice, for this reason, "recovery days" are usually introduced after several consecutive intensive workouts to relieve excessive tension and ensure a more complete recovery within an individual training microcycle.

Positive and negative interactions of training workloads of different orientations can occur over a prolonged training period and are clearly manifested in the indicators of the cumulative training effect. Fig. 203 presents data on changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximum O₂-debt indicators depending on the volumes of aerobic and glycolytic anaerobic workloads performed over one year of training. It can be seen that the cumulative effect of applying aerobic workloads is manifested in a significant improvement in aerobic power indicators (1/O_2mах) alongside a decrease in anaerobic capacity indicators (O₂-debt), whereas the cumulative impact of large volumes of glycolytic anaerobic workloads leads to a noticeable decline in aerobic power indicators. Such opposing effects of aerobic and anaerobic workloads, when a certain combination is chosen during the training process, can lead not only to improved athletic performance but also to its marked deterioration. Establishing a rational combination of workloads of different orientations, which—despite the potential for negative interaction—achieves the greatest increase in athletic performance, forms The basis of modern Methods for optimizing the training process in sports.

As an example illustrating the solution to Structure/149.html">The problem of establishing the optimal ratio of workloads of different orientations in the training of elite speed skaters, Fig. 204 presents calculation graphs for The values of workload volumes of various impacts that ensure the greatest increase in athletic performance over a distance of 500 m.

The optimal ranges of workloads of different orientations in this case were established by Processing data on the training results of the country's leading speed skaters over several years. Thus, based on a rigorous quantitative Assessment of the cumulative effect achieved through The Use of Various Forms of interval training, as well as other training means, it is possible to achieve a significant improvement in athletic results and establish an optimal training strategy for athletes in the chosen exercise event.

Fig. 204. Effects of interaction between aerobic (a) and glycolytic anaerobic (b) workloads over one year of running training

The effects of workload interaction during long-term adaptation also include the well-known phenomenon wherein the increment in athletic performance is contingent upon the initial level of development of the leading function achieved through the use of specific workloads at the preceding stage of preparation.

When studying the cumulative effects of various types of interval training, it was found that the increase in bioenergetic indicators during the application of training workloads of different orientations depends on the initial level of development of the athlete's aerobic and anaerobic capacities. Thus, the permissible volume of glycolytic anaerobic workloads and the increase in maximum O₂-debt indicators observed under METABOLISM/18.html">The Influence of running training depend on the level of VO2max achieved by the beginning of the experimental training period (see Fig. 204).

Fig. 205. Ranges of optimal workloads of aerobic (a), mixed aerobic-anaerobic (b), glycolytic (c), and alactic (d) anaerobic orientation over one year of training for highly qualified all-around speed skaters

Without a sufficiently high level of aerobic power development, one cannot expect to achieve high results or master the required volumes of anaerobic workloads. Therefore, in many sports, the creation and maintenance of a specific level of aerobic power is a necessary prerequisite for further performance improvement in one's chosen sport.