Biology Textbook - VUNMC 2000
Chapter 1. THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE ON EARTH
1.1. INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
1.3. BASIC PROPERTIES OF LIVING SYSTEMS
Chapter 2. CELL BIOLOGY
2.2. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
2.2.4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
2.2.4.1. Deoxyribonucleic acid
2.2.4.3. Adenosine monophosphate
Chapter 3. CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF LIFE
3.3. CELL STRUCTURE
3.3.1. SUPERKINGDOM PROKARYOTA
3.3.2. SUPERKINGDOM EUKARYOTA
3.3.2.1. Cell surface apparatus
3.4. CELL CYCLE
3.4.1. CELL PREPARATION FOR DIVISION
3.4.2. CELL DIVISION
3.5. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
3.5.1. PROPERTIES OF THE GENETIC CODE
3.5.2. STAGES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Chapter 4. ORGANISMAL LEVEL OF LIFE ORGANIZATION
4.1. REPRODUCTION OF ORGANISMS
4.1.2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
4.1.2.1. Sexual process in unicellular organisms
4.1.2.2. Self-fertilization and parthenogenesis
4.1.2.3. Structure of germ cells
4.2. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
4.2.1. ONTOGENY (INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORGANISM)
4.2.1.1. Embryonic development
4.2.1.3. Human embryonic development
4.2.1.4. Postembryonic development
4.3. BASIC CONCEPTS OF GENETICS
4.4. PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
4.4.1. Mendel's first and second laws
4.4.2. The hypothesis of gametic purity
4.5. INTERACTION OF ALLELIC GENES
4.6. INTERACTION OF NON-ALLELIC GENES
4.8. CHROMOSOMAL MECHANISM OF SEX DETERMINATION
4.9. MAIN TYPES OF INHERITANCE OF TRAITS
4.10. VARIATION
4.10.1. Non-heritable variation
4.12. HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
4.13. METHODS OF HUMAN GENETIC RESEARCH
4.13.6. Population-statistical method
4.14. MEDICAL GENETIC COUNSELING
Chapter 5. POPULATION-SPECIES LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF LIFE
5.1. GENERAL PATTERNS OF PHYLOGENY
5.2. AUTONOMIZATION OF ONTOGENY
5.3. ANALOGOUS AND HOMOLOGOUS ORGANS
5.4. PHYLOGENY OF THE VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEM
5.4.1. FORMATION OF THE NEURAL TUBE
5.4.2. EMBRYOGENESIS (DEVELOPMENT) OF THE BRAIN
5.4.3. MAIN TYPES OF THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN
5.5. PHYLOGENY OF THE VERTEBRATE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
5.5.1. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF SUPERCLASS PISCES (FISH)
5.5.2. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF AMPHIBIANS
5.5.3. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF REPTILES
5.5.4. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF BIRDS
5.5.5. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF MAMMALS
5.6. PHYLOGENY OF THE VERTEBRATE UROGENITAL SYSTEM
5.6.1. INTERCONNECTION OF THE EXCRETORY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
Chapter 6. BIOCENOTIC LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF LIVING MATTER
6.1. ECOLOGY
6.1.2. ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
6.1.3. METABOLIC REACTIONS BETWEEN THE ORGANISM AND THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
6.1.4. ECOSYSTEM, BIOGEOCENOSIS, BIOCENOSIS
6.1.5. THE CONCEPT OF BIOMASS, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION
6.1.9. FOOD CHAINS AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID
6.2. BIOMEDICAL ASPECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
6.2.2. CONCEPT OF HUMAN POPULATIONS
6.2.3. ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN RESPONSE TO ITS IMPACT
6.2.4. PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION AT THE ORGANISMAL LEVEL
6.2.4.1. General adaptation syndrome
6.2.4.5. Specifics of human adaptation
6.2.4.6. Organismal adaptation and medicine
6.2.5. MECHANISMS OF ORGANISMAL ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (USING TEMPERATURE AS AN EXAMPLE)
6.2.5.1. Adaptation of the human body to ambient temperature
6.2.5.3. Humans in hot and cold climates
6.2.6. ANTHROPOGENIC ECOSYSTEM
6.3. PARASITISM AND HUMAN PARASITIC DISEASES
6.3.1. PARASITE-HOST INTERACTIONS
6.3.2. ADAPTATION TO A PARASITIC LIFESTYLE
6.3.5. NATURALLY FOCAL DISEASES
6.4. GENERAL AND MEDICAL PROTOZOOLOGY
6.4.1. PHYLUM PROTOZOA
6.4.1.1. Characteristics of the phylum
6.5. GENERAL AND MEDICAL HELMINTHOLOGY
6.5.1. PHYLUM PLATHELMINTHES (FLATWORMS)
6.5.1.2. Class Trematoda (Flukes)
6.5.1.3. Class Cestoda (Tapeworms)
6.5.2. PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES (ROUNDWORMS)
6.6. GENERAL AND MEDICAL ARACHNOENTOMOLOGY
6.6.1. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
6.6.1.2. Subphylum Chelicerata
Chapter 7. POPULATION-SPECIES LEVEL OF LIVING ORGANIZATION
7.1. THE BIOSPHERE AS EARTH'S GLOBAL ECOSYSTEM
7.2. BOUNDARIES OF THE BIOSPHERE
7.2.1. ATMOSPHERE
7.2.1.1. Life in the atmosphere
7.2.2. HYDROSPHERE
7.2.3. LITHOSPHERE
7.2.3.1. Life in Soil and Deeper Layers of the Lithosphere
7.3. LIVING MATTER (LIVING ORGANISMS). BIOMASS
7.4. ADAPTATION OF ORGANISMS TO UNFAVORABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
7.5. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
7.7. FUNCTIONS OF THE BIOSPHERE
7.8. ORGANIZATION AND STABILITY OF THE BIOSPHERE
7.10. ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS AND THE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS
7.11. ANTHROPOGENIC ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCES AND HUMAN HEALTH PROTECTION
7.12. BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
7.12.1. PLANTS AND THEIR ROLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
7.12.2. THE ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION